Business Statistics Independent and Dependent Variable

Question: 1. A scientist asserts that among individuals more seasoned than 70 years in a specific city a higher extent of ladies utilize full false teeth than men. Assume that you set up an examination to survey the analysts guarantee. a) What are the proper theories? b) How you would set up the investigation? c) What factors would you gather what is the information kind of every factor? d) How you would sum up every factor? e) What measurable test you would apply? f) How you would decipher the aftereffects of such a test? g) How might the size of your example will in general influence the outcomes? 2. You are planning an investigation to quantify periodontal ailment in a specific populace. a) Define and depict between analyst fluctuation and intra-inspector inconstancy. b) What steps would you take to endeavor to limit between analyst inconstancy in your investigation. c) Describe issues that might be experienced when endeavoring to quantify the seriousness of periodontal malady. d) What might be the qualities of a perfect dental malady record? Outline your answer regarding notable records utilized in dentistry. 3. Clarify with models what is implied by invalid and elective theories and how they are utilized in measurable testing. Assume that you directed a free examples t-test and the examination brought about a t estimation of 1.3 and a p estimation of 0.20. What do these qualities mean and what decisions would you make? (30 imprints) What does a p estimation of 0.01 mean and what decisions would you make? What is the connection between: (a) The certainty span for the distinction between the methods for two gatherings furthermore, (b) The p esteem given by a t-test contrasting these two gatherings? 4. What do you comprehend by the accompanying factual and epidemiological terms? Represent each with a model. a) Multistage inspecting b Multiplication law of likelihood c) Posthoc test d) Sensitivity of an indicative test e) A twofold visually impaired investigation f) Histogram 5. Clarify quickly the standards behind, and the utilization and confinements of three of the accompanying. Propose at any rate one circumstance where each may be utilized while examining dental information. (Equivalent imprints for each sub-segment) a) Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) bend b) Wilcoxon coordinated sets marked positions test c) Cohens kappa coefficient d) Spearman's rank connection coefficient 6. Clarify the standards behind straight relapse. Portray a circumstance in dentistry or dental examination where direct relapse may be a valuable method. What presumptions are made when direct relapse is utilized and for every suspicion recommend a strategy that may be utilized (when information disregards the supposition) to utilize straight relapse a fitting? Answer: 1. So as to examine the utilization of full false teeth in a specific city over their sexes, the number of inhabitants in individuals more than 70 years are picked. So as to set up the examination, the exploration invalid theory and substitute theories are as per the following: H0 : There is no distinction in the extent of utilization of false teeth across sexual orientations H1 : extent of ladies utilize more full false teeth than the extent of men The examination would include choice of the populace that remembers individuals more than 70 years for a specific city. Both male and female individuals would be chosen as a populace of the examination. The examples would be chosen from this populace haphazardly. The picked tests would be concentrated to see if they use false teeth or not. Measurable strategies would be utilized to break down the picked tests. Extent of guys in the examples who utilize full dental replacement and the extents of females in the examples who use dental replacement would be discovered. Correlations among the guys and females of the picked test would be done and z test would be acted so as to test the speculations. The factors that would be chosen for this examination comprise of guys and females of the city over the age of 70 years. There would be two factors in this exploration; the guys over 70 years who utilize full false teeth and the females over 70 years who use false teeth. Information would likewise be gathered for the individuals who don't utilize full false teeth. Extents of guys and females would be determined from the gathered information. Quantitative information would be gathered for this investigation. Every one of the factors would have quantitative information. The factors would have discrete qualities and they will be essential information. The two factors comprise of extent of guys and extent of females over 70 years in the city who utilize full false teeth. The quantity of guys who utilize full false teeth and number of guys picked in the example would establish the extent of guys over 70 years who use false teeth and the quantity of females who utilize full false teeth and number of females picked in the example would comprise the extent of females over 70 years who use false teeth. Two kinds of measurable tests would be utilized in this investigation. They are techniques for recurrence and z-test. The strategies for recurrence would be utilized to check the quantity of guys and the quantity of females in the number of inhabitants in the city over 70 years who utilize full false teeth. This technique would assist with finding the extent of guys over 70 years who utilize full false teeth and the extent of females over 70 years who utilize full false teeth. The technique for z-test would be utilized to play out the speculations tests. Z-test would be utilized to test the distinction in implies among the extents of two examples when their changes are known. This is on the grounds that those examples are drawn from the populace whose fluctuations are known. The outcome would be deciphered on observing the p estimation of the test. One followed z-test would be acted in this examination. On thinking about the degree of centrality as 0.05, the p estimation of the test would be contrasted and the degree of hugeness as 0.05. On the off chance that the p estimation of the test is, upper-followed test is under 0.05, the invalid theory is dismissed and if the p estimation of the upper-followed test is more than 0.05, the invalid speculation is acknowledged. The size of the example is significant so as to lead an appropriate theory test. More the size of the example, increasingly successful will be the test. There would be change in the size of certainty span on change in the size of the example. It would influence the consequence of the test, as the p estimation of the test would change because of the adjustment in degrees of opportunity. This, thusly would influence the dismissal or acknowledgment of the invalid theory. 2. So as to examine the proportion of periodontal ailment in a specific populace, the populace must be partitioned in different classes in setting old enough gatherings. Each age gathering would shape a class, which comprise of people having periodontal malady. Between inspector inconstancy is characterized as the variety of the example across various classes. The interclass-analyst fluctuation would analyze the changeability of the malady across various age gatherings of the populace. The event of the malady over the age gatherings would be investigated utilizing between inspector inconstancy. Intra-analyst fluctuation is characterized as the inconstancy of the examples inside their group. In setting of periodontal sickness, the examples were partitioned into various classes. The variety of the examples inside their group would frame intra-assessment malady. Intra-analyst inconstancy would gauge the variety of periodontal infection inside each age gathering of the examples. So as to limit the between inspector inconstancy in the investigation, the examples chose for the examination ought to be to such an extent that the examples have comparable number of periodontal malady in each age gathering. The tally of the sort of periodontal malady must be same over each age gathering. This would prompt the decrease in fluctuation in periodontal ailment over the age gatherings, in this way lessening between analyst changeability. The absolute number of tests in every one of the age bunches must be same and this would result to less changeability during between inspector. Numerous issues might be experienced to quantify the seriousness of periodontal ailment. This reaches from setting the degree of seriousness and making a decision about them while gathering information. The proportion of level of seriousness shifts from individual to individual. Seriousness is a subjective measure and it gets hard to set the range past which it tends to be delineated as seriousness. Individuals who have been determined to have periodontal illness experience treatment for this infection. This prompts decline in the degree of the illness with time. At the point when the analyst will go to gather the examples for the overview, he may discover the level of seriousness of the sickness less. This would prompt ill-advised assortment of the information. Another difficult that may be confronted while gathering information is the issue of biasness. Individuals may not be available to admit their periodontal malady to the scientist because of moral issues. They may dither to gi ve the right reaction and the information would get inclination and off base for the exploration. The attributes of a perfect dental ailment file are legitimacy, unwavering quality, lucidity, straightforwardness and objectivity, quantifiabiltiy, affectability and adequacy. The notable dental list is DMF list. This is an irreversible list and is applied for perpetual teeth. This is the most popular and most broadly utilized dental list which makes a decision about a teeth concurring the seriousness of periodontal ailment. The seriousness is made a decision about dependent on rot, absent and filled status of the tooth. Another notable record utilized in dentistry is the Graingers pecking order list, which is an ordinal scale list with five zones of seriousness assault. There are different degrees of seriousness and the size of the list is decided by the state of the teeth and rot it had experienced. 3. Invalid theory and exchange speculation are the two pieces of inferential measurements. These theories are utilized to test any theory test and draw derivation from it. Invalid theory is alluded to as the general position or default position of any announcement. This recommends there is

An investment scheme to finance boot camps Research Proposal

A speculation plan to fund training camps - Research Proposal Example This is to guarantee that youngsters consideration is captured before they are influenced by peer pressure. Social fund is another field that attempts to consolidate both the conduct and intellectual physiology in clarifying the reasons why individuals settle on budgetary choices that are silly. The money related choices being made by different establishments commanded with securing the premiums of the helpless kids are neglecting to catch the main problems that should be tended to so as to improve the expectations for everyday comforts of the youngsters. Presenting the kids to some condition is assuming a noteworthy job in occupying them towards the training. Therefore, they end up not helping their folks once they grow up (Maisel 2014). In this manner, it is basic to comprehend the significance of conduct money particularly while settling on monetary choices that will influence others. Financial specialist conduct continues straying from rationale and reason. The conduct is essenti ally influenced by enthusiastic procedures, mental slip-ups, and singular character. These settle on it difficult to decide. Consequently, speculation doesn't involve dissecting numbers. Rather, a huge piece of speculation is implanted on the individual conduct. There are numerous kinds of social biasness while contributing. For example, psychological predisposition can be viewed as a dependable guideline which can prompt a methodical deviation from the right judgment. A portion of the regular conduct biasness that can influence the investors’ choices incorporates representativeness, stress, manner impact, commonality predisposition, tying down, and self-attribution biasness (Maisel 2014). In financial aspects, monetary intermediation is a procedure that includes getting cash and loaning it to different gatherings that are in desperate requirement for money related help. Youngsters go about as a significant venture for any administration or society. Along these lines, for thi s situation, the cash from the financial specialists will be utilized to back various exercises being attempted in the training camps.

CEA Comics Corner The Procrastinators Inspiration

CEA Comics Corner The Procrastinators Inspiration CEAs College Essay Checkupâ„¢: A Quick Cure For Your Admission Essay Ailments CEAs College Essay Checkupâ„¢: A Quick Cure For Your Admission Essay Ailments Students, we hear the sniffle in your voices. We see the feverish looks on your faces. Its just a few weeks before the November 1 early admissions deadline, and youre thinking your college admissions essay might not be in the healthiest shape. The topic has been complaining of blurry vision, something about your introduction is making you itchy, and whole thing concludes in an empty, rattling cough.  Doesnt this kind of thing always happen at the worst possible time? Fear not, suffering student! College Essay Advisors is here to cure your essays aches and pains. Call or message us today to book a College Essay Checkupâ„¢, and pick up a quick cure for grammatical mistakes, bandages for your structural issues, and maybe even a vaccination against boring opening sentences. One quick consultation with the essay doctor includes: 1. A baseline checkup to identify content, structure and grammar issues, noted in handwriting that is far easier to decode than your average physicians penmanship. 2. A speedy phone diagnosis, explaining the checkup conclusions and highlighting areas of potential improvement. 3. One quick follow-up scan to check your ensuing corrections. 4. A lollipop for being such a brave patient. Contact us for a quote or call 347-927-9CEA (9232), and get on the road to essay wellness with CEA! About CEA HQView all posts by CEA HQ »

CEA Comics Corner The Procrastinators Inspiration

CEA Comics Corner The Procrastinators Inspiration CEAs College Essay Checkupâ„¢: A Quick Cure For Your Admission Essay Ailments CEAs College Essay Checkupâ„¢: A Quick Cure For Your Admission Essay Ailments Students, we hear the sniffle in your voices. We see the feverish looks on your faces. Its just a few weeks before the November 1 early admissions deadline, and youre thinking your college admissions essay might not be in the healthiest shape. The topic has been complaining of blurry vision, something about your introduction is making you itchy, and whole thing concludes in an empty, rattling cough.  Doesnt this kind of thing always happen at the worst possible time? Fear not, suffering student! College Essay Advisors is here to cure your essays aches and pains. Call or message us today to book a College Essay Checkupâ„¢, and pick up a quick cure for grammatical mistakes, bandages for your structural issues, and maybe even a vaccination against boring opening sentences. One quick consultation with the essay doctor includes: 1. A baseline checkup to identify content, structure and grammar issues, noted in handwriting that is far easier to decode than your average physicians penmanship. 2. A speedy phone diagnosis, explaining the checkup conclusions and highlighting areas of potential improvement. 3. One quick follow-up scan to check your ensuing corrections. 4. A lollipop for being such a brave patient. Contact us for a quote or call 347-927-9CEA (9232), and get on the road to essay wellness with CEA! About CEA HQView all posts by CEA HQ »

Essay on The Impact that Lenin had on Russia and the...

The Impact that Lenin had on Russia and the Russian People Russia was an enormous empire and had over 55,650,000 Russians in it. The leader of Russia from 1905 to 1917 was Tsar Nicholas II (emperor) who was ruler of Russia. The Tsar was independent and had autocratic power, which meant that he shared his power with no one, meaning Russia didnt have to vote. Before the Tsar was in power the Russian army performed a war against Japan and lost because their army was very unequipped and was made up of conscripts (people forced in the army). ===================================================================== The Tsar had many supporters such as The Nobles, The Church, The Middle Class, The†¦show more content†¦===================================================================== The Social Democrats was another main group in Russia. The factory workers mainly supported these people because all the existing Governments would be overthrown and all the wealth would be shared evenly. These people wanted a complete and radical change and wanted to get rid of the Tsar. ==================================================================== In 1905 there was a revolution, which failed, once the war-ended things got really bad in Russia because mutinies were happening in the army because they had no equipment, food and training. Strikes broke out and around 250,000 people went on strike because the peasants didnt get land, the soldiers wanted to lead there normal lives again and get a job, also Social Revolutionaries wanted a Duma which was a parliament. So the Tsar set up a Duma but didnt really listen to their suggestions and if somebody said anything wrong then he dismissed the whole parliament. So I dont really think it was real democracy, but this carried on for a while so the Tsar survived the attempt of a revolution, which failed. 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Business Process Reengineering - 2985 Words

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Who Else Wants to Learn About Small Essay for 3rd Graders Samples?

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Network security and firewalls Essay Example For Students

Network security and firewalls Essay Network security and firewalls Essay In our age of decaying morals, we find the need for security in every aspect of life. There are far to many people that are willing and able to take anything they can that doesnt belong to them. We have security everywhere we look. There are armed guards in our stores and even schools. Police officers patrol the streets trying to keep people safe. We have people to provide security in a world where things are physical, but what to we do in a computer world, where what we want to keep safe is information? This is where computer security comes into play. We need to define computer security and discuss how computer systems are kept safe. Security is defined as the combination of all mechanisms which allow only authorized people to use the resources they are supposed to. These can be locks, people or physical barriers that stand in the way of a desired location or object. Computer security uses much of the same utilities. Passwords take the place of keys, security analysts take the place of guards, and firewalls take the place of physical barriers. Passwords and firewalls are the two most common ways to secure a computer system. Passwords are the most common forms of computer and network security. They are the most common because of three main reasons. First of all, passwords are cheap to implement. Virtually all computers have a password system built into it already. Every home computer can have a password to lock out certain programs from users other than yourself. Even networked computers and systems can have an elaborate password system at a minimal cost to the company. Passwords are also fast. When a computer prompts you for a user identification and password, you simply type it in and away you go. There is usually very little else that needs to be done. The third benefit to passwords are that they are easy to remember. A user usually chooses a password that is close to them, therefore, it cuts down on the amount of people having problems with getting into the programs they need. The latter benefit to passwords is also its greatest weakness. Peoples inherent nature is to pick a password that is close to them. They usually will choose a password that they can easily remember and that ends up being something that is easy to guess. One professional took a sample of 13,797 accounts and was able to successfully crack 3340 passwords. The bulk of the passwords cracked were either lists, common names, account names, patterns and machine names (Net Security, 3). These were easily guessed passwords, but they can be changed. There are many passwords that should not be used. These include passwords based on the account name, ones that match a dictionary word exactly, strings of numbers (including social security numbers, phone numbers or addresses), or patterns on the keyboard such as aaaaa, asdfg, and qwert. The passwords chosen should also be longer than 5-6 characters. The best passwords are those consisting of nonsense words, using capital and lower case letters, and a number or two thrown in for good measure. A computer user with a good password can do wonders for computer security. If it is necessary for extreme security on a computer system, time-encrypted passwords can be used. These are memorized passwords that can only be used at a synchronized time on the computer. The difficulty lies in having the computers timed perfectly to each other so that the receiving computer knows it should accept the incoming password at this time. A second type of high security password system is a challenge-response system. This system makes the users memorize a set of rules to convert a challenge issued by the computer into the correct response (Net Security, 2). The drawback to this system is that if you have a large number of computer users, it is difficult to have everyone memorize the rules, make sure the rules are easy enough to remember, and keep the rules secret. No matter what kind of password system you use, there will always be drawbacks to it. Belonging Speech Essay Another way to offer security is .

Marlboro Cigarette company case Study

Executive Summary The effects of tobacco use on human health have triggered a number of anti-tobacco campaigners; the campaigns are targeting casual/addicted users, social tobacco user and those people who have not started the habit. The anti-tobacco campaigners use both public education and legal legislations approach to control the use and sale of tobacco products.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Marlboro Cigarette company case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marlboro is an international cigarette manufacturer and distributer, in 2010, the company’s products were the most used in Saudi Arabia; Saudi Arabia is among the few countries that have recorded an increase in tobacco use in the recent past. The increase in tobacco use in Saudi Arabia is evident despite governments’ and non-governmental movement’s campaigns to change peoples behavior. Anti-tobacco campaigns have been s uccessful in enacting policies that control marketing approach of tobacco products. This paper analysis the tobacco industry in Saudi Arabia; it will evaluate the effects of tobacco marketing control legislation on Marlboro Cigarettes Company as well as how the company has responded to the controls. Towards the end, the report will offer marketing recommendations that the company can enact to remain competitive in the fast growing Saudi Arabian market. Introduction The world tobacco industry has been facing challenges from strong advocacy against tobacco use by national, international, and non-governmental agencies; dispute the challenges, the companies in the industry has to sell their products. However, according to Euro-monitor report on tobacco use in Saudi Arabia, the country experienced an increase in volume and value terms of tobacco use, the country is having an increasing tobacco users. The above report was different from what was recorded in European and American Markets w ere tobacco consumption has drastically reduced (Euromonitor). Marlboro, is an international cigarette manufacture and distributor with its main operating base at Philip Morris USA (the Brach concentrates on the United States market) and Philip Morris International that concentrates on the company sale abroad; currently, Marlboro is the world largest cigarette company in the world and has its head quarters at Richmond, Virginia. Marlboro Company names its brands Marlboro that was a name borrowed from its initial location in the United Kingdom at Great Marlborough-Street. In Saudi Arabia, Marlboro products are imported into the country by corporate and individual importers; the brand is more considered and regarded for the well to do in the community. The tobacco industry has been facing numerous challenges, especially when it comes to marketing and advertising for the products.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Diseases caused by tobacco use have claimed a number of lives in the world and remain to be the world’s largest killer; these statistics has been the strongest point of anti-tobacco campaigners. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has massive campaigns that advocate that there are no safe cigarettes; players in the industry are only left with the task of counter attacking these campaigns. The effects that the industry has had on human health has made the industry a monolith in terms of scope and coverage when relating to consumers; the marketing approach adopted by Marlboro minds consumers welfare at the same time selling its products; a conflict of interest (Engstrom 1-75). Since the 1998 Tobacco Settlement Agreements marketing has become a challenge to Marlboro, this paper diagnoses the marketing problems faced by Marlboro as it markets its in domestic and international markets; the paper will focus on Saudi Arabia . As European countries embark on campaigns that hinder the sale of tobacco and its products, Saudi Arabia is showing a reduced strength in its campaigns against the use of the products, the industry is growing and likely to grow further (Euromonitor). Company Background: Overview Marlboro first branch was established at Great Marlborough, London, it is from the name of it first location that the company derived its brand and factory name. in the company targets the United states in t1902, however the strength of the company was seen in 1924 when it when Altria Group Philip Morris International, the company’s founder, developed an advertising campaign selling filter-less cigarettes to women under an advertising campaigns named â€Å"Mild as May†. By then smoking was considered a social and acceptable until the late 1940’s when medical practitioners started to research on possible effects that smoking had on human health; with the wave to no smoking, the company established a niche market that previous campaigns did not meet, men. It then diversified its focus and campaigns to men segment of the market. The wave of the anti-campaigns and warning from health was a big blow to the industry coupled with the Second World War; the company was pulled out of the market only to return with filtered cigarette in 1955. The company’s management team is lead by Michael Szymanczyk, the company’s chairman; the chief executive officer is William F. Gifford. The leadership mission as advocated for by the chairman is, â€Å"My vision is that leadership becomes a defining factor that sets us apart from other organizations.† The company’s mission and vision are contained in four operating paradigms as adopted by the company, they are:Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Marlboro Cigarette company case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Invest in Lead ership: the company aims at offering appropriate leadership that can assist the company add value to its stake holders align with Society:  the company aims to add value to societies that its operates Satisfy Adult Consumers:  the company has a target to produce satisfying brands to its customers as it tries to win others Create Substantial Value for Shareholders: the company has high value for its shareholders and aims at adding value to them To fulfill the above elements of vision and mission, the company operates under the frameworks of five values they are: Integrity, trust and respect. Passion to succeed. Executing with quality. Driving creativity into everything, we do. Sharing with others. The effect of tobacco industry products span further than the consumer of the product to have an effect on both consumer and those people around smokers, the major health complications brought about by the consumption of tobacco are pulmonary illnesses and other conditions that could be described as cancerous in nature like bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer. Despite the health dangers that the industry products on the health of human beings, the use of the products still is on the increase; Marlboro Company realized the life threatening danger that its products have , however there is insatiable market that it has to supply for (RE 996-1003). The tobacco industry in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia is the world largest Muslim country, however, there are rises in tobacco use among the population despite shisha culture and efforts made by the government and international bodies to curb the use of the products. Pipe tobacco remains as the most proffered method of taking tobacco, its products in the country, in 2009, the country recorded the highest sales in cigars, and the growth of smokers is evident in the count. According to the countries industrial analysis in 2010,   Philip Morris International Inc   (Malboro) had the highest share of the market in volume a nd sales. The report by Euro-monitor suggested that the major likelihood of the increase in tobacco use in the country can be contributed to the economic well being of the country that enable the population afford luxury commodities more easily (Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia). In the country, the control of purchase of the commodity has been limited, in 2009, almost in all supermarkets had a cigarette vending machine that was efficient and offered buyers good chances of buying the commodity. other than the vending booths, the country is having increasing specialized suppliers of tobacco leading to an increased accessibility of the products in the country; the products are also sold in independent small grocers and hotels/bars/restaurants, convenience stores, and forecourt retailers. The future of the industry in Saudi Arabia is expected to be on the rise especially with the improved access of the products in among the youth.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The effects that tobacco use has had on Saudi Arabia is evident, in 2006, the government threatened to sue the national and international cigarette companies to cater for the cost of curing those people affected by use of tobacco. In 2006, the country is estimated to have been using 5bn riyals ( £683m; $1.3bn) a year. According to world health organization reports of 2006, 10% of Saudi Arabians are smokers, the figure has also been challenged for having underestimated the case with some analysts being of the view that the rate may be as higher as 30% (Euromonitor). Problem Statement The main problem facing the company is how to market its products amidst aggressive campaigns against consumption of tobacco supported by legislations against the products consumption. The  World Health Organization  (WHO) and U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  (CDC) are among the leaders in the campaign against tobacco consumption; they have enacted restrictions to hinder and contr ol marketing and advertising tobacco. In Saudi Arabia, the ministry of health during Ramadan of 2009, launched an anti-tobacco campaign and legislation; the program was launched to enforce the countries Tobacco Control Program, it aimed at setting the platforms of selling tobacco in the country, it controlled the use of the product in public places and advertising. Advertisement is means to reach a certain target market with certain information that a company intends to pass, when the information gets to the customer, then he can be persuaded to use the advertising company’s products. In the case of Marlboro, the marketing team has the role of ensuring that cigarette brand from the company are getting to the market segment they were meant to reach as well as increase the market base. However, the efforts are controlled and limited by legislations controlling the industry; other than coming up with marketing strategy, the company has to ensure the strategies do not contravene legislations regulating the industry. Coming to think about it, who are new entrants that the company are trying to get to the net of using the products, are they are the innocent youth and non-smokers in a community? According to the company’s website, it does not aim at increasing smoking rates in a country but it competes for available adult smokers, the market becomes further competitive from other companies, and the fast dying (from tobacco related diseases) and quitting (after being convinced of the dangers of smoking) population. The controversy comes between the company’s core objective of increasing business through offering satisfying products and services to its customers. The following are the specific problems that the company is facing: How can the company advertise and sell its products without negative effects of anti-tobacco campaigns How can the company sell and market its products to people of majority age without influencing the desire of taking to bacco on people of the age of minority Which tools can the company use to give back to the community after â€Å"killing† its people What is the best way to enlarge their market and remain an accepted company in the community Marlboro marketing team is actively involved in getting answers to the above burning questions; it want to be a country with high reputation and one that adds value to community and people around, however in the industry has been blamed for causing harm to the communities. To market and remain a respected company among community that company has to build a name despite the already existing negative perception and it need to build its own platform. Specifically, the study will focus on how the company can convince existing adult smokers to use its products; this will call for persuading consumers from other companies to use Marlboro products in the growing market of Saudi Arabia. To give an elaborate analysis, the paper will be divided in different parts each having certain issue, it aims at tackling; all the issues will be tied to the company’s strategies (Dewhirst and Brad 81-92). Historical background of the problem or contributing factors The cigarette market segment has been skewed to a minimal number, the population that the major players are expected to target is adult smokers, and the players in the industry should not try to increase the number of smokers. however, it should only be interested with the existing groups in the community who are smokers and of the age of 21 and above. The  American Cancer Society International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Tobacco Control Program in Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabian anti tobacco policy, Tobacco Settlement Agreements and the  U.S. Surgeon General, prohibits promotion of tobacco products to non-users and the youth, the agencies also regulate the marketing approaches that companies in the industry should use. Other than the skewed market, the market is suffering fro m high death rates fro use of tobacco products and quitters from smoking after an effective â€Å"stop-smoking-campaign†, this has made the market smaller and more competitive (Tobacco Industry Profile: United States 1). Literature review According to Reuters Anti-Smoking Society, every year, 22000 people in the Saudi Arabia die out of tobacco products use; report by Ministry of Health  in  Saudi Arabia in 2009 said that the world had lost 29 million people of tobacco use; this alarming statistics has yielded less to the behavior change in Saudi Arabia. Adverting is a crucial part in selling of a company’s products; it creates awareness and used as a tool to enlarge a company’s market base. In the tobacco sector, different people have their own tastes that they seem to be loyal and persuading a customer to shift to ones products needs a lot of energy and use of resources. On the other hand, it is more ethical to persuade customers leave their smoking behavio r instead of persuading them to change brands. Marlboro as well as other companies in the industry opts to concentrate on getting convince the existing ones to shift to its products than new smokers on board than tying. The main form of advertising and outdoor customer reaching method that Marlboro has been using (before the ban on public advertisement in Saudi Arabia) is the use of billboards and sports, the sport that the company is known to support is rallying. the young and the old are the target of the advertisement campaigns however the campaigns have influence minors to take the products, which is against the requirements of World health Organization as well as the company’s intentions/motives. Ministry of Health  in  Saudi Arabia, anti-tobacco legislations are hindering the company’s traditional marketing approach has been challenged by legislations controlling the industry (Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia). Other than the difficulty that the company fac es from convincing existing smokers to shift to the company’s products, the rate of death from tobacco related products is on the increase, the death is in among the old smokers, thus the company has minimal option other than target the young population. According to statistics, user of tobacco products are more likely to start taking the products before they are of the age of majority, if the company has to campaign aiming at getting the non smokers, then the adverts must be seen to be inclined towards the age of majority, this is unethical and unaccepted. the company is left at deadlock of the way forward since the most probable way that it can earn customers is against the societal expectations and needs. Tobacco is addictive thus, when a company is able to win a customers, it is on the higher side to have earned a lifetime customer, this is reinforced by the loyalty that smokers have for their brand. The notion and the behavior of consumers make marketing cigarettes chall enging especially if the focus is to win existing adult smokers. When using direct means of marketing like advertising, health advocators are of the opinion that continues advertisement of the companies’ products is likely to result to an increase use of the products among the youth and children. they have thus pushed for enactment of policies that limit direct advertising of cigarettes, the move is seen as one aimed at controlling the growth of the number of smokers in the community (Mejia and PM 78-87). The nature of Saudi Arabian tobacco industry market-situation is that that can be classified as a sticky market where players earn customers for â€Å"lifetime†. this sticky character means that the growth of the industry can only be attained if the new entrants exceed the total of those dying because of smoking and those quitting smoking; it is a give take industry. The very nature then determines the approach that a company in the industry is going to use; it is the approach to attract more smokers as the old ones are retained. With the trend and approach as used by tobacco industry, Saudi Arabian anti-tobacco campaigners are using the same approach but in a different angle. Anti-tobacco campaigners target the young population in the community to warn them on the dangers that smoking tobacco is likely to have on their health, they directly ask the young to keep off the smoking behavior/menace. To do this the campaigners give statistical data on the effect that tobacco has done in the world and suggest the best most method to keep off the problem is through complete abstinence the product, they also target those people taking the products with a message of hope and the will to rehabilitate and help them change the behavior. Their approach is more direct and seen as more ethical than the approach adopted by Marlboro and other companies in the tobacco industry. For example it is more welcoming for anti-tobacco campaigners to go to high schools se lling their products but its is never welcoming to have cigarette manufacturing companies advertising in high schools, which can be seen as unethical and as a promotion o deviant behavior among community. The ethical approach of the market and anti-campaigners leave the company at cross road on the right approach it can get an increased business. Anti-tobacco campaigners suggest that cigarette-manufacturing companies should switch their campaigns to prevention of the use of the products since it leads to more damage among communities than the goods it brings. The benefit that comes from the companies in the form of taxes, employment and agriculture promotion is highly lower than the health implications that the uses of the products have. The Ministry of health in Saudi Arabia is on the forefront enacting campaigns that target at reducing the rate of consumption of tobacco in the country; for example, it is illegal for the use of the products in public offices and buildings (Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia). The sale and marketing department at Marlboro has to come-up with an approach that erode and deletes the negative perception created by anti-campaigners and enforce the habit of smoking among the youth. This is a double sword that the company needs to employ; the approach to advertising is seen as a marketing from a negative market persuasion and going to the building to a positive market (CL 283-294). In Saudi Arabia, over 20% of those people who are suffering from lung cancer and other complications from the use of tobacco continue to use the products despite their health and medical advice. Cigarette smoking yield some poisonous gasses and thousands of chemicals that find their way to human system, the chemicals are harmful and affects the health and physical appearance of the smoker and those people around him/her as smoking takes place. The ingredients found in cigarettes are toxic and addictive; thus when someone starts the behavior he is more unli kely to leave; campaigners against smoking used the weapon of the deadly diseases that can be gotten with the use of the drug to warn people against the products. Marlboro has been targeting the existing users of its products with the aim of maintaining and winning their loyalty; to do this the company tries to put a face that discourages the behavior however, it ensures that it sells its products effectively. In recognition of the danger and according to the law, the company has to give a warning on its products that smoking is dangerous for one’s health. Individuals suffer from tobacco related ailments like heart failures and emphysema, which is a fatal illness that affects lungs and entire respiratory system; however, users of tobacco products continue to use them despite the dangers; one strong point of the industry that maintaining the existing customers is not a challenge. Numerous marketing and advertising controls that have been made by the company, they include not a dvertising for the youth and not using television and radios to advertise the products, on the other hand, advertising of tobacco has been controlled by national and international legislation promoting health (Chee-Ruey 795-804). The main players or actors who contributed to this problem Marlboro is facing challenges from different corners; they are from people who are advocating for anti-tobacco players at national and international players they include: Anti-tobacco players and ministry of health They are groups sponsored by governments and other financing channels with the aim of information the youth about the dangers they are exposing themselves to when they are taking tobacco products. In Saudi Arabia, the ministry of health has a Tobacco Control Program at the ministry; the main aim of the program is to ensure that the population stops tobacco use. These groups target the youth who have nit started the behavior as well as those people who are using the products. When these gr oups conduct their sensitization, which they do with verifiable facts on how tobacco products have affected people, then the population that is likely to form customer base for the likes of Marlboro is limited. The approach of these organizations has stepped a notch higher when they have included the parents and advised them on how to smoke away from their children, and not to send their children cigars and cigarettes, these groups are determined to hamper campaigns that lead to the use of cigar and their products. The Saudi Arabian government and ministries of health are other players who have anti-tobacco campaigns, they feel the behaviors has resulted to an increased budget in the economy; they feel the economy can be relieved this duty. One of the main roles that a government aims at is to improve the welfare and health of its population, when the government is doing this task; they discourage people from taking tobacco products. In different countries, governments have enacted rules that hinder the use and advertising of the products, for example in Kenya, an African country, cigarettes are not supposed to be advertised through the national media, companies in the industry has to look for other measures advertise their products; this has limited the use of the products. In the United States, there is a legislation that defines the where people should be taking the products; local councils have the responsibility of maintaining smoking zones and ensuring that everybody smoking is in the zones. As much as this is seen as a good policy to prevent the effect of the products, it has influenced negatively to the companies in the industry. The Saudi Arabian health policy has a number of legislations aimed at protecting the health of the people; they include Anti-tobacco rules and Tobacco Control Program at the ministry. The legislations were aimed at prohibiting the use and sale of tobacco to underage people; the following are some of the specifications of the l egislations: Prohibit the sale of tobacco using â€Å"self service† Establish the minimal age of selling cigarette (the age was set at 18 years) Required that all consumers should get identification document to people expected t be of less than 27 years In 2009 alone, there was none underage legislations that were made to prohibit the sale of tobacco products to underage and prohibit the use of tobacco in public places. In the United Kingdom, advertisement of tobacco and their products has been limited, the legislators in the country are of the opinion that advertising the products have a close link between their uses among the youth so they have controlled the marketing approaches used. One such approach that seems to have been accepted internationally is the use of a warning message with every advert and on the packets with the message that smoking of tobacco is harmful to one’s health. For example, The United States of America Food Drug Administration (FDA  orà ‚  USFDA), is mandated with the role of protecting and promoting  public health. It fulfills its task through delegated powers from United States Department of Health and Human Services to regulate and supervise the provision of food and medical service/product. One of the areas that the body looks into is the tobacco consumption and the use of tobacco products. The authority was mandated with the rule of regulating tobacco on June 22, 2009, when President Obama signed a clause that allowed the authority to regulate tobacco industry. It has set high standards of tobacco use and discouraged the use of the commodity in human arenas and prevents any move that could give the impression that smoking is less risky or contains low nicotine, it prohibits the use of the words like â€Å"light,† â€Å"mild,† or â€Å"low†, they were thought to create a perception that smoking. Such corporations are also placing blame on tobacco manufacturing companies that they are resp onsible of the current tobacco consumption trend in the world. The power that such organizations are getting from the acts of parliaments that have enacted them is making them able to use direct attacks method to campaign against the use of tobacco products (Any tobacco use in 13 States — behavioral risk factor surveillance system 946-950). In Australia, the use of mass marketing for campaigning against the use of tobacco was started when there was Sponge advertisement in the original ‘Quit. For life’, this was in 1970’s. National Tobacco Strategy 2004–2009, has the mandate to ensure has the mandate to ensure that there are campaigns that are aimed at reducing the consumption of tobacco in the society. It aims to attain this strategy by alighting users on the dangers that they are posing to their bodies when they use tobacco, the country aims at informing its citizens on the danger that can be suffer from when they take tobacco products Encourage u sers to quit using these products, the country has developed some coaching, counseling and rehabilitation centers that aim at assisting people already addicted by tobacco use to change their addiction behavior developed a quitting process and increase understanding of the quitting process, and Enhance treatments and services to those who are already using the products; the heath care sector has been enhanced with modern equipments to cure those people suffering from tobacco related complications. When such government and ministry policies have been set in places, then marketing and advertising of tobacco products have been hampered. It acts like a pull push game where the powerful side wins the battle. China has the world largest market for tobacco products followed by Brazil, the United States fall in third in production and use, while Saudi Arabia is the second largest growing user of tobacco products, the sale of the product and importation has been restricted in many countries with tariff and not tariff approaches. For example in the 1985, the United states was challenged for bleached agreements made under General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), when it refused the importation of tobacco products from China, although the move was condemned the country under USTR was able to convinces the world the need to contain the use of tobacco in the country. This made tobacco an exemption from some international trade laws. Heath personnel’s and practitioners Saudi Arabian government and private good health campaigners and the growth of health industry and ease of passing information among people is contributing negatively to the industry, health workers are having programs to train people on how they should be save from diseases especially life threatening diseases, tobacco is a culprit in life threatening diseases. When the practitioners are aiming at improving the welfare of the people, they are injuring the company on the other side. One special an d positive attribute that tobacco companies benefit from is the fact that the products are addictive, medical experts who have come up with tools that can cure any addition have hindered the move. The international community Internationally, some programs that target tobacco and its use directly, they include world cancer day that creates awareness on the dangers that can be gotten when someone is taking tobacco products. Tobacco control movement is an international body that aims at creating more awareness on the danger of tobacco use, the programs has the main role of educating the young people on the advantages of not engaging into smoking at the same time offering hope to the addicted people. Some rehabilitation centers have been established with the aim of changing the addition behavior. For a number of years World Health Organization and the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) has been concerned on the use of Tobacco among the people, it pointed out the dangers that cons umption of the same have on the users and on partial smokers. The two international organizations are of the opinion that if appropriate measures are put in place, then tobacco consumption can be reduced. In periodical health results and analysis, WHO has been condemning the use of tobacco; in some countries that rely heavily on the production of tobacco, the organization has sponsored farmers to plant other plants that they advise are more economical than tobacco but the main aim is to fight the tobacco tread. Indirect players The danger of tobacco has become real in some people and is using every opportunity to discourage its use, for instance parents might have suffered from their tobacco use habits and children learn from them. Environments conservatisms have also a role to play, they are discouraging the use of tobacco products as they damage the environment. There have been concerns that the growth of tobacco has negative effect on soils that they are grown. Taxation in the in dustry is another move that different government have used in the efforts of discouraging the use of the drug, in the republic of south Africa, the country has high taxation on tobacco products; many are the times that budgets have increased the products tax rates. The government has also regulated the packaging and displays that cigarettes should have in the country; for example, shops should not display the products and should only sell in packages of ten. This discourages the expansion of the market as the products become expensive and unaffordable. Challenges, issues, and prospects Despite the prevailing campaigns against smoking, the Saudi Arabian Market is on the rise, Marlboro has to advertise and come up with strategies to win more customers. According the company’s website, sales for 2009 declined by 8% in the United States but in 2010, the company’s sales were at their peak in Saudi Arabia, the trend was expected to increase because of anti-tobacco campaigns as well as competition in the industry. The design of the approach aimed at increasing the company’s share of the market without recruiting other smokers. To remain afloat in the fast growing and competitive Saudi Arabian tobacco industry, the company has embarked on brand strengthening strategy where adult smokers are targeted to buy the company’s brands. The advertising and marketing approach adopted by the company aims at creating brand awareness, recognition and loyalty among adult cigarette smokers; to attain this goal, the company has enacted a personalized selling approach where it sells via emails to customers, retails outlets and running of occasional promotional campaigns to support the marketing campaign. The advertising strategy operated by the company has made the company’s brand to be the ninth strongest brand in the world; though the target of the adverting cannot be really be stated as a certain age, there are some successful adverts that even a ten-year-old person can establish and relate with Marlboro. An example of the advert is Joe Camel, in the advert, the company presented a case that a horse was seen restless but after smoking a stick of cigarette, the animal is seen to relax and becomes rejuvenated. Such an advert is a psychological approach where the company communicates in depth but using a rather indirect method. The characters chosen in adverts are characters that show boldness and the boldness is associated with the brand that the company is trying to promote. Marlboro uses image-character adverting, in the billboards it uses characters that are seen to be bold and highly valued among communities; when such an approach is adopted, then people are more likely to associate the character in the advert and the products and eventually they end up smoking. When posing the adverts, Marlboro seeks to create an impression hat it has the aim of entertaining the community however a close analysis of the adverts can revel the intention that they want to create, they always aim at associating greatness with the products. The form of image advertising is mostly very successful among the youth people and has a psychological effect on smokers who feel their mightiness when smoking the product; this creates loyalty to the products. Since there is a challenge in direct advertisement, the company uses some elements of the same in private areas and places, for example, it uses the adverts in movies and television shows, whether directly or indirectly. for example, the main character of a movie may be portrayed taking a stick of the Marlboro, in most case, this is the person whom the youth can associate or would like to be associate with, in so doing, the young get persuaded to use the products. The company has been using paid adverts in feels and movies to ensure that when the movie is selling the message has been passed to the customer. The move however was present in the 20th century but the government has strengthened and controlled the film industry to avoid such moves. As a form of indirect marketing, the company supports youth activities especially sporting activities, like sports. There are some sporting clubs and organizations that the company supports. For example in Latin America, the company runs a football-sporting tournament where it aims at creating awareness of its products indirectly. When looking for the function to support, the company is keen to venture in those projects that can calls for high mass following of the youth. In times of peaceful and guaranteed demonstrations, the company chips in to assist in the preparation and even offers some packets of the products to the demonstrators. This creates the brand identity and increases awareness of the brand among the youth (Michael 222-233). Implications for future use In November 1988, the company with other major tobacco producer signed an agreement with some American and European countries on how the industry could be managed. Some of the countries involved in the signing were Florida, Minnesota, Mississippi and Texas, the agreement was called Tobacco Settlement Agreements, and the agreement was aimed at monitoring the use of tobacco products. The agreement was entered for health interests but offered restrictions that affected Marlboro and other companies in the industry, the following are some of the restrictions as per the agreement: The companies should not engage in adverts that target the youth; the adverts were aimed to be to already existing adult smokers The agreement prohibited the use of cartoons and animations in advertising, promotion, packaging or labeling of tobacco; the use was thought to have the likelihood of influencing the youth to take tobacco products The agreement barred the use of billboards, stadium and outdoor/transit advertisements like on vehicles, taxis, trains, ships, boats and bus stops The agreement prohibited the distribution of caps, shirts and backpacks, be aring tobacco brand names and logos; this was a challenging decision but the companies had to comply The following were the advertising areas that the agreement allowed: Advertising on magazines and periodicals, however the adverts should not target youth and children Since 2005, the company placed no restriction to advertising news papers and dailies (Sundaram and Kaushik 194-204) In the future if the company maintain effective marketing approaches, then it can outdoes other players in the industry and earn an increasing share of the market despite a reduction in cigarette consumption rate. Alternative solutions as to how this problem can be implemented Saudi Arabian tobacco industry seem to be offering a future to Marlboro’s sales, in 2010, the company was the leader in the sale of cigarettes in the country, however, Marketing cannot be ignored for the success of Marlboro. the challenging thing is the approach that the firm should use that is likely to benefit the compan y and create no harm to the community, and the most strategy is an indirect marketing and selling approach. Under this approach, the company should aim at creating a strong brand name and if possibly try to win the already existing smokers. The marketing department has the role of establishing what can be referred to as soft selling and psychological selling; by this approach, the company will not target groups and the youth directly. However, it will create such needed relationship that can trigger the minds of people of the company’s superiority, the approach should be in line with the legislations enacted in the industry. When promoting the products, the company should use a push approach of marketing, this is an advertising approach where the company makes its products so good to resist, for example, it can have cheap products for the masses and have some other products sold at a premium for the well to do in the society. Some of the indirect marketing exercises that the company can adopt include the use of corporate social responsibilities and corporate governance. In the efforts to ensure that it has created healthy suppliers relation, the company should target farmers. It should empower farmers to produce sorter by the use of good pays, guaranteeing that they will buy the products as well as selling shares to farmers. When such an approach is used, then the company will have guaranteed supply of tobacco in its lifetime. When selling to consumers, there is always, the feeling that a consumer feels attracts him or her to a certain brand, Marlboro should engage in massive market research to establish the approaches that it can adopt to win the masses, there should be continuous development of products, tastes and processes. When the company come up with better and more diversified tastes, the masses are likely to divert their attention to the company’s products. In the massive campaigns against smoking and use of tobacco products, the company should aim at a campaign that does not seem to contradict the campaigns since at the end of the day they have an upper hand and when fighting them the company is likely to face repulsion from the communities. The approach should be tactical and well through; creating an impression of promoting bad life threatening behavior should be avoided. On the other hand, in the efforts of ensuring there is no confrontation with the authorities, the company should aim at complying with all set regulations. Domestic legislations varies with countries, there are some countries who have lose legislations on tobacco and its products for example Saudi Arabia; the company should consider tapping such markets as a way of diversifying sales and increasing the sale volume. Such countries include Cambodia and Jamaica; they seem to have little concern on the advertising methods and the use of tobacco products among its population. When venturing in these markets, the company will be greatly be assisted b y having a variety of brand. The company should aim at developing smoking not as a habit but a social thing, an approach that aims not to create addicts but to have some people who smoke occasionally. Such an approach should be borrowed from beer companies; in the world the greatest position of alcohol products consumed in the world is by social drinkers, they take the products over the weeks or such times, this has no effect on the communities. When such a policy has been enforced, then the company will be able to grow sales without having a huge negative effect on the community taking the products. The approach can be reinforced further by the manufacture of low nicotine Products, they should be seen as products that have minimal effects on human health, and thus people can use the products without considering much danger. Although high restriction of tobacco advertising in the Saudi Arabia, some areas that the country has allowed for advertising; the county prohibits advertising of the products through televisions and radio stations but it does not prohibit the use of print media. This should be seen as a loophole that the company should exploit. The most important thing in an advertising campaign is to create awareness, print media may have limited assess to the people that the case world have been for televisions however if well utilized the message can be passed effectively. The company should diversify its resources in buying space in dailies, periodical and magazines. Periodically, the company should be producing a magazine that handles different issues in life and market its products inside. The magazines should be attractive to the target customers to increase their sales. Marlboro is known for the use of billboards, although it has been successful in this area, it has not exhausted the approach; it should diversify the approach in all it selling countries. Although the company has diversified in different countries, the company has not fully taken a dvantage of international trade and globalization; the marketing should have developed aggressive foreign countries marketing approach to win a larger market. Another area that the company has not exploited fully the use of internet as a marketing tool, with the high rise of use of computers, the company can tap the international community and the youth. The company should have entertaining and catching adverts posed in the internet and places like you-tubes and social network. Although the company has a social network page, it should be more robust advertising and marketing its products via the website. For instance, it should have an automatic friend’s acquisition and a site where smokers can offer their experience with the products. So far you tube is considered a private affair and when used to air out interesting scripts advertising Marlboro products can be an effective method. The videos created can be passed over in the social net works; when there is an interesting vi deo, it is likely to reach a number of people. It should carry a message that can persuade customers to use the products. Social networks are growing fast and the young are the main users of the sites so when targeted they can be of great benefit to the company. The use of sports as an indirect advertising tool can be an effective way of advertising cigarettes; although Marlboro is using golf and rally sporting to advertise, the company is seen to have concentrated on one segment of the market and forgot there are other people who can offer it good market. The use of the bottom of the pyramid approach should be implemented; when such an approach issued, then the company will aim at targeting the masses with great tastes at an affordable price. When the approach is used, the company is likely to benefit from increased sales. Some of the games that the company can use are football tournaments fully supported and named as the company and when the game is on, and then the company will h ave a chance to sell its products to the communities. From the way things look, the company can only be successful if it personalizes its sales and advertising campaigns, they should target micro groups and individuals. The company should use the general behaviors of the youth who are known to cope with each other, when one section of the young is taking cigarettes then the entire group of the young is likely to start taking the product. When among other smokers, the company should aim at winning the markets and persuading people to start taking its products; the policies to win such groups include products improvement and having more tastes that can attract a higher customer base. The use of mail advertising is a good approach by the company however, the company should consider other form of individualized customer approach like the use of mobile phones and social networks accounts. The company should also use a retailer marketing approach; this is where the company offers incentiv es to consumers to stock its products, the advantages include a higher profit margin doorstep delivery and ensuring that retail outlets are well stocked with the commodity. This should be done alongside line extension and strengthening relationship between adult smokers and their preferred brands; study of the market will assist the company establish the new tastes they can come up with for more customer base (Oriola 828-840). Retailers should be well advised on the approach they should take when selling the company’s products so that at any one point, they will not be violating the legislations by domestic and international bodies. Conclusion and Recommendation Marlboro is an international cigarette company that has been in the business for over a century; marketing in the tobacco industry is challenging because of restrictions put by national and international anti-tobacco campaigns. Restrictions in the industry have limited the advertising campaigns enacted by Marlboro how ever, the company is using the limited allowed tools of advertising, and they include magazines, social networks and mail advertising. Despite the successful campaigns, in 2009, the company recorded an 8% decline in sales; however, the sales were at their pick 2010 only in Saudi Arabia. The best marketing approach in Saudi Arabia that the company can adopt is one that targets adult smokers and persuade them switch to its products, instead of targeting non-smokers. To target effectively the existing smokers, the company should embark on corporate social responsibilities programs and creating good smokers-company relationship. Works Cited â€Å"Any tobacco use in 13 State behavioral risk factor surveillance systems, 2008.† MMWR. Morbidity And Mortality Weekly Report 59.30 (2010): 946-950. Print. Chee-Ruey, Hsieh. â€Å"Health risk and the decision to quit smoking.† Applied Economics 30.6 (1998): 795-804. Print. CL, Perry. â€Å"Associations between tobacco marketing and use among urban youth in India.† American Journal of Health Behavior 32.3 (2008): 283-294. Print. Dewhirst, Timothy, and Brad Davis. â€Å"BRAND STRATEGY AND INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATION (IMC).† Journal of Advertising 34.4 (2005): 81-92. Print. Engstrom, McClave. â€Å"Adult Tobacco Survey — 19 states, 2003-2007.† MMWR Surveillance Summaries 59.3 (2010): 1-75. Print. Euromonitor. Tobacco in Saudi Arabia. Oct 2010. Web. Marlboro Official Website. Responsibility, 2011. Web. Mejia, AB, and PM Ling. â€Å"Tobacco industry consumer research on smokeless tobacco users and product development.† American Journal of Public Health 100.1 (2010): 78-87. Print. Michael, Cummings. â€Å"Usage patterns of stop smoking medications in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States: findings from the 2006-2008 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey.† International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health 8.1 (20 11): 222-233. Print. Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia. Ministry of Health In Saudi Arabia Launches Anti-smoking campagin During Ramadan. Web. Oriola, TA. â€Å"Ethical and legal analyses of policy prohibiting tobacco smoking in enclosed public spaces.† Journal of Law, Medicine Ethics 37.4 (2009): 828-840. Print. RE, Malone. â€Å"If you know you exist, it’s just marketing poison†: meanings of tobacco industry targeting in the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community.† American Journal of Public Health 98.6 (2008): 996-1003. Print. Sundaram, Davis, and Kaushik Mitra. â€Å"ETHICAL EVALUATION OF MARKETING PRACTICES IN TOBACCO INDUSTRY.† International Journal of Business Research 7.2 (2007): 194-204. Print. â€Å"Tobacco Industry Profile: United States.† Tobacco Industry Profile: United States (2010): 1.Print. This research paper on Marlboro Cigarette company case Study was written and submitted by user Finn Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Corporate Strategy of Fedex Corporation Executive Summary This analysis of the corporate strategy of FedEx Corporation relates to three specific issues in the corporate strategy case. The first issue is a critical analysis of the global express transportation and logistics industry. The second issue discusses about the mergers and acquisitions in transportation and logistics industry. The final issue is a critical review of the performance of FedEx in the events leading to the January 2000 reorganisation. In the first section, the global express transportation and logistics industry is an attractive sector based on the fundamentals of the sector given in the five forces analysis using Porters framework. There are large barriers to entry, there are minimal substitutes that exist, industry is relatively disciplined, and the power of buyers and suppliers are mixed. 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Post the changes, FedEx did well in utilising its core competencies that were identified in the first section, and leveraging these competencies to its advantage. CHAPTER-1: Analysis Of Global Express Transportation And Logistics Industry Introduction To Transportation And Logistics Industry. Global Transportation Logistics Industry comprises a wide range of service providers, covering all modes of transport air, road, rail, sea as well as related services such as warehousing, handling, stevedoring, and finally value added services like packaging, labelling, assembling etc. In addition to these physical services, TL involves all sorts of planning, organising and managing services in the area of transportation and logistics. Over the past years, we have seen a trend to diversification (growth strategies mergers acquisitions), which results in larger integrated groups operating in more than one of the TL sub-sectors. As a result, it becomes very unclear to understand the limits between the different TL sub-sectors. (http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/transportation-logistics/index.jhtml) About FedEx FedEx corporation offers transportation, e-commerce and business services through its network of subsidiaries, divided into four business segments. The FedEx express segment includes Federal Express Corp., a leading global express transportation company offering time-certain delivery within one or three business days; and FedEx Trade Networks Inc., a provider of customer brokerage, global cargo distribution and Global Trade Data and Global Trade Tools software products. The FedEx ground segment includes FedEx Ground Package System Inc., which provides small package ground delivery to nearly 100% ofU.S.residences. The FedEx Freight segment includes FedEx Freight Corp., a US provider of next day, second day and interregional less than truckload (LTL) freight services; FedEx Custom Critical Inc., the worlds largest provider of expedited time critical shipments; and Caribbean Transportation Services Inc., a provider of airfreight forwarding services between the US and Puerto Rico. The last segment is FedEx Kinkos, consisting of FedEx Kinkos Office and printing services Inc., which provides copying and printing services, signs and graphics, videoconferencing, high speed wireless and wired Internet access and computer usage, as well as retail access to all FedEx ground and global express shipping services. (Jack W. Plunkett 2007) Porters Value Chain Analysis This section assesses the global express transportation and logistics industry through the value chain analysis of Porter. The review is done across the primary and support activities for the value chain with the details presented in the following table: Primary Activities Comments Inbound logistics Increased presence in various markets to expand footprint and capture market share by players (Lai et al, 2008) Operations Increased cost in operations due to rising fuel prices; margins of industry players hit (Wadewitz, Johnson Weinz, 2008) Outbound logistics Important activity as link to customers Distribution centres being set up by the largest players in the sector in new markets such as China (Lai et al, 2008) Marketing and sales Increased importance in current market with pressure on margins though players have generally kept pricing discipline Service Service to customer could potentially change with new pressures and competitive dynamics; current focus on service but business models on customer service delivery could change (Greene Longson, 2008). Support Activities Comments Firm infrastructure Entrepreneurial culture typically Management of firms could be forced into action with potential consolidation in the sector driven by pressures in decreased business and margins; could lead to synergies and value (Fitchie, 2008) HR management Human resources continues to play an important role as talent influences the activities across the value chain Technology development Technological capabilities continue to be critical factoring the sector and a requirement to be a player (Greene Doshi, 2007) Procurement Important lever for sector given large capital outlay required for building or replacing fleet Some are pursuing this activity despite sector pressure as business has decreased; FedEx recently reported to have bought some aircraft from Rolls-Royce (Armitage, Fornaro Crispin, 2008) www.umbrellacloud.com/business-model/value-chain We note from the analysis above and the supporting arguments in articles, the key factors impacting the value chain are the following: Integration of the firms activities across primary and support activities Though each of the activities above have their influence on the sector and its development, the important underlying factor is the integration of the primary and support activities in order to drive the efficiency of the firms in the sector, and ensure the delivery of the customer service required by clients. Use of technology to drive integration and also efficiencies across the value chain Aside from the integration of the activities, a key driving force as well is the use of technology to both drives the integration and also pushes the efficiencies across the value chain as this impacts the pricing of services and delivery of customer requirements. Strong management to drive actions and initiatives across the chain Finally, strong management is needed in order to identify the opportunities and be able to push for the implementation of these initiatives, particularly in technology and in integration. The current industry pressures from higher fuel prices are changing the dynamics of the sector. Supply Chain Management Supply Chain analysis involves working across multiple enterprises or companies (Inter-enterprise) to shorten the supply chain time in the delivery of goods and services to the consumer or customer. Demand uncertainty in supply chains can be addresses by faster response times. A basic product supply chain can afford longer lead times and batch manufacturing of large lot sizes to meet the demand. A supply chain that produces fashion or mass customization products must respond quickly and be more agile. Most supply chains are moving in the direction to support a more rapid changing of demand by the consumer or customer. Good transportation and logistics companies also natures in reducing total costs through supply chain management excellence. Supply chain management means managing the business process from the initial supplier to the ultimate customer focusing on speed and flexibility, resulting in the lowest total cost and highest customer satisfaction-from suppliers supplier to customers customer-with supply decisions based on total life cycle costs. In this Context, FedEx identifies five principal attributes of supply chain management: Strategy Creating an effective supply chain management organization and supporting fact-based strategies and plans. Resources Developing and deploying human resources and information systems necessary to maximize performance. Nothing happens without top-notch, highly-skilled professionals using effective technical tools. Processes Creating strategic plans based upon total cost management and in sourcing/outsourcing analysis and applying a systematic approach to better utilizing the supply base. Optimization Aligning the supply base with our supply chain goals and continually seeking to improve the supply chain methods and composition. Globalization Viewing supply opportunities on a global basis. (www.fedex.com) FedEx Core Competencies And Dynamic Capabilities The analysis above of the global express transportation and logistics industry provides an indication of the requirements needed in order to be successful in the sector. This sub-section presents the core competencies and dynamic capabilities of FedEx and will present the link with the sectors requirements for success. The core competencies and dynamic capabilities of FedEx are the following: 2. Human resources: empowering employees One of the core competencies of FedEx is the empowerment of employees which has led to entrepreneurial behaviour among the employees (Schindehutte, Morris Kocak, 2008). This empowerment is the reason that FedEx is able to adapt quickly to market changes and keep abreast of the development in the global express transportation and logistics sector and ahead of competition. 3. Marketing: delivering customer value FedEx is known for their innovativeness in delivering value to their customers. It is partly the point above on employee empowerment which drives this. However, it is also largely the strength of their marketing organisation in being able to identify the value that customers require and their ability to deliver this through convenience and minimised relational costs (Smith Colgate, 2007). 4. Information systems and technology: providing accurate 24/7 information FedEx has invested significantly in its information and technology systems in order to provide customers with information to track the services being provided by FedEx. The firm realised early on in their business history, and well ahead of the other firms in their sector, the importance of information (e.g. package tracking, drop-off location finder) and the power this brings to meeting customers needs (Bhattacharya, 2006). 5. Management: continuing learning and application to operation This core competence of FedEx is driven by their CEO and Founder Fred Smith who stated that the success of FedEx is based on â€Å"continual learning and education and the discipline to apply those lessons to your operation† (Sarros, Cooper Santora, 2007). FedExs actions have been based on a continual understanding of their market situation and the implementation of initiatives to meet the requirements of the evolving sector such as technological demands and customer service level requirements. Strategic Vision And Infrastructure Within FedEx Corporation (a) FedEx Strategic Vision And Visionary Leadership. Frederick W Smith, the Chairman, President, and CEO of FedEx Corporation was presented the â€Å"Peter F. Drucker Strategic Leadership Award† for the year 1997. The award, established in 1995, was in recognition of an individuals innovative and result-oriented leadership. With the help of his team he executed a vision with consistency and focus. Analysts credit Smiths leadership as the reason for the transformation of FedEx, from a once loss making company, to a global logistics industry leader with revenues of â€Å"$22.5 billion.† Under his leadership, FedEx management has developed rigorous processes with extremely low defect rates; employees are empowered through information, technology and thorough training. Information technology has transformed the company into a cyberspace leader as well as a logistics trailblazer. Smith was one of the few business leaders who first anticipated the application of Internet in business operations, resulting into the launch of the website www.fedex.com in 1994, enabling customers to do business online. FedEx had been established as a technologically driven company. Smith stipulated three goals, which he believed would form the critical success factors of FedExs business in future speed, reliability and customer service. In order to achieve these goals, Smith invested heavily on IT. Smith strongly believed that for an express industry, it was necessary to use IT to provide customers with real-time information about the movement of their documents/packages. Visionary Leadership FedEx Supply Chain Services will be an acknowledged world leader in global integrated logistics management, supply chain solutions and time-definite delivery. Our motivated associates will forge mutually profitable partnerships with our customers using world-class technology and business practices. Smith also believed that in a service oriented organization like FedEx, it was very important to have highly committed employees, failing which; it was not possible to deliver the kind of service that the customers expected. FedExs employees were made to believe that they were not merely performing their duties but were solving the transportation problems of the customers. It is clear from these analyses that FedEx Corporation had been very competent in technology and human resources which resulted in its great success. FedExs corporate strategic vision is based on three principles; operating independently: by focusing on independent networks to meet distinct customer needs; compete collectively: by standing as one brand worldwide and speaking with one voice Manage collaboratively: by working together to sustain loyal relationships with their workforce, investors, and customers. http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Leadership%20and%20Entrepreneurship/LDEN023.htm (b) FedEx Transportation And Logistics Infrastructure FedEx Corporation (â€Å"FedEx†) provides a broad portfolio of transportation, e-commerce and business services through companies competing collectively, operating independently and managed collaboratively, under the respected FedEx brand. These operating companies are primarily represented by Federal Express Corporation (â€Å"FedEx Express†), the worlds largest express transportation company; FedEx Ground Package System, Inc. (â€Å"FedEx Ground†), a leading provider of small-package ground delivery services and FedEx Freight Corporation, a leading U.S. provider of less-than-truckload (â€Å"LTL†) freight services (FedEx Annual report 2007). Overall, FedEx hasover 280,000 employees worldwide,operates approximately 50,000 drop off locations and managed over 10 million square feet of warehouse space worldwide. They have 670 aircrafts, and 75,000 vehicles and trailers, handling around 6.5million daily shipments to more than 220 countries and territories. (Jack W. Plunkett 2007). FedEx Corporation introduced express delivery to the world in 1973, and remains the worlds largest express transportation company and it is the worlds largest overnight package carrier with about 30 percent market share. Taking into considerations the key elements from the above analysis and FedExs core competencies it can be figured out that FedEx primary activities are Marketing and Sales, checking orders, financial analysis and receiving payment, packaging, shipping products, logistics, handling and storing of products to be shipped, handling orders, delivery of the products, and finally Service to ensure customer satisfaction. But, the key elements which support these activities are: Procurement (purchasing, trucks, planes, gas and other assets). Research and Development (RD) activity which include technology development, investments in systems innovation, and information technology (IT) development. Human Resource Management that includes hiring, training, developing and compensating employees from the truck drivers to the top management. Firm infrastructure which includes general management, planning, accounting, legal support, government regulations, and other general requirement to support the value chain. (c) FedEx Virtual Information Infrastructure Information Technology is the backbone of the FedEx Corporation which is immensely responsible for its success and its competitive advantage over its rivals. FedExs consistent effort in the development of information technology and system innovations has always been its prime concern which created the direct interconnection between its customers and services. FedExs Virtual Information System emerged as a revolution in this context which closed the gaps between the consumer and seller. In 1979, a centralised computer system Customer, Operation, Master Online System kept track of all packages handled by the company. This computer system relayed data on package movement, pickup, invoicing and delivery to a central database. In 1984, FedEx started to launch a series of technological systems. The Power-Ship program, aimed at improving efficiency and control, which provided the most active customers (around 850,000) with the proprietary online services. But, the most significant development in this field came between the years 1994-99 which started giving the shape to the virtual information infrastructure. They were first to offer online package status tracking through FedEx website so that customers can actually conduct business via internet. In 1995, a Windows-based shipping and tracking software allowed around 650,000 users to process and manage their shipment from their desktops. FedEx Virtual-Order Software in 1996 linked internet ordering with the delivery and o nline tracking. In 1997, FedEx introduced e- Business tools for easier connection with shipping tracking applications. FedEx decided to overhaul its internal I.T. infrastructure under the Project GRID (Global Resources for Information Distribution). The project involved replacing 60,000 terminals and some PCs with over 75,000 network systems. Also, in 1999 FedEx signed an agreement with Netscape to adopt Netscape software as the primary technology for accessing its corporate intranet sites. FedExs intranet included more than 60 Websites, created for its end users and some cases by its end users. At this point of time FedEx was the largest online client server network in the world that operated in real time. The benefits of these services were not limited to FedExs customers. Its online services, which in 1999 handled 60 million transactions per day, saved FedEx cost of 200,000 customer service employees. In turn, the Company reported spending 10 percent of its 17 billion U.S. dollar s annual revenue on I.T. in 1999. Information had allowed FedEx to lower its costs such that the cost to customers of using FedEx in 1999 was lower than it was 25 years ago. FedEx Virtual Order Process http://www.ite.poly.edu/people/brao/fedex_case.htm CHAPTER-2: Mergers Acquisitions In Transportation And Logistics Industry. Benefits And Limitations Of Merger And Acquisition Strategy. Merger and Acquisition is basically a mechanism by which an organization grows. It is a kind of external growth strategy which involves using the businesss money to invest in other businesses, whereas the internal growth occurs by investing profits in the same business. A merger occurs when two separate companies agree, usually by mutual consent, to come together. On the other hand, acquisition is a takeover which involves purchasing a shareholding of over 50%, and then this company can control and impose its will upon this. Merger and acquisition are growth strategies are beneficial for transportation and logistics industry, as in all the other industries if two companies decide to join hands after a detailed research and surveys. (book†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦book†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.book) Benefits Of Merger And Acquisition: Mergers and acquisitions usually succeed in building cost efficiency through the implementation of economies of scale. Basically, a new economically stable firm emerges, through the union of two parent firms with an increased scale of operations. As a result, there are chances that the cost per unit will come down with rise in output production. In context of TL industry the company will get a bigger infrastructure and they may get easy access to the areas which were to difficult to reach. This in turn will increase their logistics offerings and their efficiency with reduced cost, which was not possible if they would have thought of increasing the branches on their own. This process also often leads to an increased value generation for the company. It is expected that the shareholder value of the newly established firm would be greater than the sum of the shareholder values of the parent companies which is applicable in TL industry as well. One of the benefits of mergers and acquisitions is increase in market share. When a financially stable company acquires a contrastingly distressed one, the newly found organization experiences a substantial increase in market share. The new firm is usually more cost-efficient and competitive when compared to its financially weak parent organization. Limitations Of Merger And Acquisition: I. If due to mergers and acquisitions, a company has considerably a big market share then there could be less competition complacency amongst firmscan lead to lower quality of services and less investment in new products and services. II. Due to merger or acquisition, if a company expands too much then it could also lead to diseconomy of scale. In this condition, it will lead the firm to produce products and services at increased per unit costs. III. Mergers and acquisitions can lead to loss of jobs. IV. Mergers could be a factor of de-motivation for staff, for example, managers would prefer to work for big company where they get higher salaries and more prestige. V. There could be failure to secure good will of a wide range of stakeholder groups in both companies. VI. Potential conflict between individual and corporate objectives is not given sufficient recognition and isnt managed. VII. Reputation can also be damaged during the merger process. Acquisition Of Caliber Systems In 1998 By FedEx Corporation In the year 1998, FedEx took a big leap in context to its diversification by acquiring Caliber System Inc. As a result of this, five subsidiary companies were formed: Federal Express, RPS, Roberts Express, Viking Freight and FDX Logistics. Apart from Federal Express, all the other four were the part of Caliber System and all were managed independently. The logistics operations of both FedEx and Caliber were different as differed in customer bases and service offerings. Caliber was expertise in providing an elaborate logistics operation focusing mainly on high priced goods industries such as moving raw materials, managing work-in-progress, manufacturing of cars and fork-lift trucks etc. Federal Logistics and Electronic Commerce (FLEC) before the acquisition was not able to provide complete supply chain solution because they just focused on finished goods and reverse logistics. But, the acquisition led FLEC to put there hands into areas like warehousing and transportation apart from th e basic logistics functions. Later, Caliber became apart of FDX Logistics and FLEC continued as a division under Federal Express. The burden which this acquisition brought along with it to the company was that, the company has to loose its image of just being an express delivery company. The challenge was that all the critics including the customer related the FedEx brand just with transportation. One solution to this challenge was the renaming of the company. In this context, the acquisition gave the name to the holding company as ‘FDX Corporation but they did very less to promote the name. Therefore, the transportation subsidiary FedEx Express still lived on as a brand image and the corporate name was still under cover. Unlike other companies such as UPS which ran only under one name for all its services, FedEx was trying to promote all its subsidiary companies with completely unrelated names under FDX logo. The key agenda here was that, the two separate logistics businesses within the group with separate sales and customer service staff created confusion within customers and resources were duplicated. The big thing was despite having such confusion the branches continued to operate and offer solutions at all level of supply chain. In this scenario, the autonomy of all subsidiary companies where maintained but the challenge was to bring the companies closer to create the synergy. These companies were operating with separate accounting systems and customer service staff, so they made a vision to â€Å"progress individually but compete collectively.† Therefore, we can figure out that this acquisition was not a complete success as all the subsidiary companies sustained but the ultimate goal for the corporation was to provide customers with a single point of access to the whole Group. In later years, this became the main reason for the companys structural transformation through advancement in information technology within the company. CHAPTER-3: Events Leading Up To January 2000 Reorganization This section provides an analysis of the events leading to the January 200 reorganisation of FedEx. The first sub-section reviews the performance of FedEx and the developments in the Internet market while the second sub-section touches on the impact of the major strategic initiatives undertaken. The final sub-section provides a quick summary of the analysis. FedEx Performance And Internet Market Developments The January 2000 reorganisation was largely driven by the poor performance of FedEx in the preceding periods. While performance remained strong and positive up to 1999 with record earnings, this proved to be the start of a downtrend in performance. The next several quarters saw FedExs performance experience considerable in income and profit. This was partly influenced by the rising fuel prices but the failure of the company to react and still be reasonably profitable in a backdrop of rising fuel prices led management to believe that change was needed. The performance of FedEx was sub-par and deserved poor reviews. The lower financial performance aside, FedExs performance was inadequate for the following reasons: Un-reactive and inflexible It took several quarters of poor performance for FedEx management to take action. FedEx could have been more aggressive in its actions and realised immediately after the first quarter of poor profit performance that the industry was changing and that FedEx needed to make a move. At the very least, FedEx could have made moves that would have impacted other players as well and severely harm the poorer capitalised firms (e.g. start a price war) Did not utilise advantages in sector Partly related to the first point, FedEx did not push to make any impact on the sector. FedEx could have utilised its network, for example, and worked with its suppliers and even buyers to ensure that the firm still maintained good profitability in the period of high fuel prices. In addition to the poor performance of FedEx in the preceding several quarters, the development of the Internet market and the actions of competitors forced FedEx to review its business strategy and determine the steps necessary in order to bring the firm back to profitability and successful operations. In this respect, the actions of FedEx were unacceptable as well for a couple of reasons: Failure to realise technological changes For a firm that was known to be reliant on technology as well as at the forefront of technological advancements, the actions of FedEx were unacceptable as they showed poor pro-activity and understanding of the changes happening in the sector. Reactionary moves to technological innovation Not only did FedEx not realise technological changes that would impact the sector, FedEx had to wait for other firms to take the first move in tapping the new technology. This thus made the situation worse as it placed FedEx in a position that was far behind other competitors in terms of the use and development of technology. Motivation for Strategic Initiatives FedEx had three strategic initiatives following the reorganisation in January 2000. For these actions, FedEx could be lauded as these addressed the concerns that FedEx faced following the several period of poor performance and the developments in the Internet market. The strategic initiatives and the rationale for pursuing each are as follow: A new branding strategy that involved changing the Companys name to FedEx Corporation, and extending the ‘FedEx brand to four of its five subsidiary companies This is an excellent move for a couple of reasons: (1) integrates the firm and leverages the successes of the various divisions, (2) taps the brand that clients are familiar with. This would allow FedEx to leverage its advantages in the sector as seen in the five forces analysis. Although relatively belatedly, FedEx did realise the importance of integrating their businesses and maximising their position in the sector. The need for one point of access to sales, customer services, and billing and automation systems This again touches on the integration point although at a different aspect. With an integrated business across its key activities, FedEx could provide clients with easy access and reliable services, factors that are important for the FedEx clients. Also, this action gives FedEx the technological push that it needed in order to bring its technology up to par with competitors, and position the firm for possible advancements at a later time. FedEx Home Delivery, a new, economical residential delivery service- This last action by FedEx touched on several important factors related to the success of firms in the global express transportation and logistics industry: (1) innovation in products and services, (2) leverage of strengths of related businesses, and (3) exp